Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are a diverse group of conditions that affect the brain, including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, autism, and schizophrenia. These disorders are a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide, impacting an estimated one billion people globally.

Treating CNS disorders is often challenging due to the complexity of the brain, which consists of billions of neurons and trillions of synapses, as well as the wide variation in symptoms and disease progression among patients. Treatment options vary by condition and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery. However, these approaches often lack precision, driving growing interest in personalised precision medicine to improve treatment outcomes and minimise side effects.

Personalised precision medicine involves tailoring treatments to an individual’s unique genetic, molecular, and clinical characteristics. It represents a promising new frontier in the management of CNS disorders, acknowledging the substantial variability in symptoms, disease progression, and treatment responses among individuals.

To support this approach, researchers are developing physiologically representative models of the CNS to better understand disease mechanisms and evaluate new therapies. These models replicate the complex structure and function of the CNS, enabling investigations into how CNS disorders arise and progress, as well as the identification of novel therapeutic targets.