Central nervous system (CNS) disorders are a large group of conditions that affect the brain, such as Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, autism, and schizophrenia. These disorders are a leading cause of disability and death worldwide, with an estimated one billion people affected globally. The treatment of CNS disorders can be challenging, as the brain is a complex organ with billions of neurons and trillions of synapses, and patients may have varying symptoms and disease progression. Treatment options vary depending on the disorder and can include medications, physical therapy, and surgery. However, these approaches lack precision, and there is a growing interest in personalized precision medicine to improve treatment effectiveness and reduce side effects.

Personalized precision medicine refers to tailoring treatments to an individual’s specific genetic, molecular, and clinical characteristics, and it represents a promising new area of treatment for CNS disorders. This approach recognizes that individuals with CNS disorders can differ significantly in terms of their symptoms, disease progression, and response to treatment. To achieve this, researchers are developing physiologically representative models of the CNS to investigate disease mechanisms and test new therapies. These models can simulate the complex structure and function of the CNS, allowing researchers to investigate how CNS disorders develop and progress and to identify potential targets for new therapies.